Deficiencies of essential vitamins and minerals such as Vitamin A, zinc, and iron may be caused by long-term shortage of nutritious food or by many infections such as intestinal worms. Some important micronutrients include calcium, iodine, iron, zinc, selenium, fluorine, potassium, etc., and vitamins A, D, E, B6, B12, B1, B2, B3, C, among others. The deficiencies or excesses of macronutrients and micronutrients are the cause of many diseases, and also exacerbate others and are acknowledged as having a significant impact on health all over the world. Nutritional diseases also include some developmental abnormalities which can be prevented by diet, hereditary metabolic disorders which respond to dietary treatment, food allergies and intolerances, potential hazards in the food supply, and the interactions of foods and nutrients with drugs. Others are gastroesophageal reflux disease, heartburn and peptic ulcer, diverticulitis (diverticulosis), constipation, diarrhea, Crohn disease (regional ileitis), ulcerative colitis,etc. Nutritional diseases include obesity and eating disorders, and chronic diseases such as protein-energy malnutrition (Kwashiorkor and marasmus), cardiovascular disease, atherosclerosis, hypertension, cancer (colorectal cancer, prostate cancer, breast cancer), diabetes mellitus, dental caries. The systematic review focused on nutritional diseases, nutrient toxicities, nutrients deficiency diseases, and the diets for health living. The other macroelements (potassium, sodium, magnesium, chlorine, and sulfur) make up only around 0.85% of the body weight. Phosphorus occurs in amounts of around 2/3 of calcium, and makes up approximately 1% of an individual's body weight. Calcium makes up 920 to 1200 g of body weight (about 1.5% of body weight) of an adult, with 99% of it contained in the bones and teeth. The trace elements with specific biochemical function in human body are iodine, sulfur, zinc, iron, chlorine, cobalt, copper, manganese, molybdenum, and selenium. The five major minerals in the the human body are calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, and magnesium (macrominerals or macroelements). These four key elements compose around 96% of the weight of human body, and the major minerals (macrominerals) and minor minerals (trace elements) compose the remaining percent. The four key structural elements in human body (oxygen, hydrogen, carbon, and nitrogen) by weight, are often not included in the lists of major nutrient minerals (nitrogen is a "mineral" for plants, as it is often included in fertilizers). Anti-vitamins inhibit the actions or absorption of vitamins avidin inhibits biotin absorption, although it is deactivated by cooking Pyrithiamine inhibits enzymes that use vitamin B1. Vitamins A and D can amass in the body, which may result in dangerous hypervitaminosis. In humans there are 13 vitamins: 9 water-soluble (8 B vitamins and vitamin C) and 4 fat soluble (A, D, E, and K). Vitamin C can be synthesized by some organisms but not by others it is not a vitamin in the first instance but is in the second. Essential nutrients cannot be synthesized in humans, either at all or may be in insufficient amounts, and therefore must be obtained by the diet. Vitamins and minerals are essential micronutrients. For human nutrition, micronutrients are required in amounts generally below 100 milligrams per day, while macronutrients are required in gram amounts daily. Micronutrients are essential elements required by human and other organisms in varying quantities throughout life to coordinate a range of physiological functions for health maintenance. The research focused on the benefits of micronutrients (vitamins and minerals) and their associated deficiency diseases and health complications.
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